Chapter 1
1. INTRODUCTION:
As the Power scarcity is major issue, every where there is a need to look for alternate resources of power. Solar Energy is one that is available abundantly in nature. It is available free to the earth. If we tap this Solar Energy properly, we can make power which has negligible environmental effects and avoid pollution to a maximum extent. Various technologies have evolved to tap solar energy, store and utilize the power at later times also. One out of these technologies is Solar Photovoltaic cell. Solar Photovoltaic cell is designed using semiconductor material. The p-type and n-type semiconductors are formed as junction. When light falls on the semiconducting layer there is formation of charge across the junction which can be connected to load to flow current.
NEED OF SOLAR HYBRID INVERTER POWER PLANT SYSTEM:
Along with the time the generating energy using conventional methods have been increasing day by day, as the fossil fuels are getting depleted day by day in the Earth crusts. There is only limited quantity of Fossil fuels in the earth and extracting them also becoming costly affair day by day. In addition to the above, it is also required to reduce peak power on the existing Power Plants so that there is ample scope of enhancing the life of existing Power Plants.
Adding to that, even today the rural India facing the power quality and reliability issues. The organizations which have their operations in rural areas finding a greater difficulty due to above mentioned reasons. To overcome these problems, rooftop Solar Hybrid Power Plants helps to a great extent. Rooftop Solar Hybrid Power Plants are constructed using Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Modules with suitable Power Converters and Storage Systems.
Harnessing of non polluting renewable energy resources to control green house gases is receiving impetus from the government of India. The solar Mission, which is part of the National Action Plan on Climate Change has been Set up to promote the development and use of solar energy in for power Generation and other uses with the ultimate objective of making solar energy Competitive with fossil-based energy options.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF SOLAR HYBRID INVERTER POWER PLANT SYSTEM:
ü To serve our valuable customers with Un-interrupted Green
Energy
ü Less cost of Clean Power
ü Making Green Energy affordable
ü Un-interruptible Supply for critical machines & IT Loads
ü Offering Sustained & Reliable Power solutions
ü Protecting Environment by eliminating CO2
ü Ensuring Power Continuity at its best
1.4 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM DESIGN CONCEPTS
1. The main steps taken when designing a PV system are:
2. Load calculation
3. Determination of solar resources
4. Battery sizing (if necessary)
5. Sizing of PV system array
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF SOLAR HYBRID INVERTER SYSTEM
CHAPTER 2
COMPONENTS OF SOLAR HYBRID INVERTER SYSTEM:
1. Solar PV Panel
2. Solar Charge Controller
3. Solar Hybrid Inverter System
4. Junction Box with protective diodes
5. PV wiring kit TYPES OF SOLAR PV MODULES:
Material suitable for absorbing the energy from solar radiations.
• Silicon
• Cadmium telluride
• Gallium arsenide
Silicon is generally used for making solar cells. The different type of Silicon solar cells are:[5]
• Single crystal silicon
• Multi crystalline silicon
• Amorphous silicon
SOLAR PV PANAL
Solar Panel: Solar cells are interconnected in a matrix to form a module .one solar cell produces electricity at a voltage of approximately 0.5 volt at room temperature, so 36 cells connected in a modules roughly 18 volt. However, the solar cells heats up while exposed to the sun , reducing the operating voltage to about 14-15 volts. A 12V battery needs about 14V to charge it, so the 36 cell module is the standard used in charging 12V batteries[5]
SOLAR PV MODULES
1. Crystalline Silicon Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Modules
Crystalline Silicon Solar PV Modules are most efficient among all the available types of PV Modules. This type PV modules occupy lesser area compare to other types like Thin film model. Almost 50% space is saved comparatively. Leave alone the above constraints, places where the temperature reaches at its high, thin film has an edge over it. Due to the negative temperature coefficient behavior of thin film modules, it performs better at higher temperature than the crystalline modules.[1]
HOW IT WORKS
PV cells convert sunlight directly into electricity without creating any air or water pollution. PV cells are made of at least two layers of semi- conductor material. One layer has a positive charge, the other negative. When light enters the cell, some of the photons from the light are Battery backup.[1]
Fig 2: Basic working
Power is produced in solar cell in following ways they are:
Creation of pairs of positive and negative charges (called electron-hole pairs) in the solar cell by absorbed solar radiation. This electron-hole pair is mobile in nature which can be made to flow through the external circuit
BACKGROUND
Photovoltaic (PV) cells are devices that convert sunlight to electricity. PV stands for photo (light) and voltaic (electricity), whereby sunlight photons free electrons from common silicon. In 1839, a French scientist named Edmund Becquerel observed that light, falling on certain materials, produced electricity. The amount of electricity varied with the amount and intensity of light. Scientists made solar cells of selenium in the 1880s. Modern PV technologies were developed at Bell Labs and RCA Labs in the mid 1950s
PV is a semiconductor-based technology used to convert light energy into direct current (DC) electricity, using no moving parts, consuming no conventional fuels, and creating no pollution. Simple PV systems power everyday items like calculators and watches.
More complicated systems run appliances, houses, the Hubble telescope, and spacecraft such as the International Space Station. The largest market for PV today is in developing countries, in village power and remote communications systems (estimates indicate that more than 2 billion people worldwide have no access to conventional electric power). In a PV cell, a semiconductor composed of a thin layer of silicon crystal absorbs photons,
or particles, of solar energy. The energy of the photons transfers to electrons in the semiconductor. The energized electrons then break free from the silicon atoms and flow in an electric current. Typical solar cells include a glass cover to keep the weather out, an antireflective coating to prevent sunlight from bouncing off, and electrical contacts, or metallic grids, that
Collect photons from the semiconductor and transfer them to an electric circuit. The use of silicon crystals in the photovoltaic cells makes it expensive. First of all, silicon crystals are currently assembled manually. Secondly, silicon purification is difficult, and a lot of silicon is wasted. In addition, the operations of silicon cells require a cooling system because performance degrades at high temperatures. However, it has convinced analysts that solar cells will become a significant source of energy by the end of the century. Today, the chemical giant Exxon is the second largest producer of solar cells. Using a PV system can be more expensive than buying power from the local utility. However, it is dramatically less expensive than running a power line to a site currently without service (off- grid homes, more than 0.25 mile [or 0.4 kilometer] away from power, or a mountain- top communications system).
If you wanted to completely replace your current electrical purchases from the utility with a PV system, you could look at your kilowatts per hour (kWh) usage on your electric bills for a year, calculate a daily average, and divide that by the number of average daily Sun hours for your location. (3600 kWh/yr divided by 365 days/yr equals approximately 10 kWh/day, divided by 5 Sun-hours per day, equals 2 kW. This would indicate that a 2-kW system would, over the course of an average year, produce enough energy to replace the power you are currently using. The majority of home systems range from 1 kW to 2 kW.[7]
SOLAR CHARGE CONTROLLER
Power generated from the solar module is small and inconsistent, a charge controller is needed to charge up the batteries
2.2.1 MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING CONTROLLER (MPPT):
The MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) Solar charge controller tracks the power curve of the panel to ensure that the maximum solar power is delivered at the output side. If the voltages are both too high
2.2.2 FEATURE:
The most outstanding feature of Maximum Power Point Tracking controller is intelligent tracking input voltage from solar panel, which could let solar panel always working at Maximum Power Point of V-A curve. Compared with normal solar charge controller, this MPPT controller could increase 10%-30% electrical power using efficiency from solar panel.
2.2.3 FUNCTION:
This MPPT controller is not only have above mentioned special function, at the same time including completely Protecting and Controlling functions:
Overcharge protection
Over-discharge protection
Battery Reverse Current Protection
Overloading Protection
Short Circuit Protection
Reverse Polarity Connection Protection
2.2.4 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:
Typical 12V battery solar charge system V-A curve.
2.2.5 NORMAL SOLAR CHARGE CONTROLLER:
Solar Panel works at point A states, solar panel working voltage is a little higher than battery voltage.
Charge Voltage: UA=13.2V
Charge Current: IA=9.8A
2.2.6 MPPT CHARGE CONTROLLER:
Solar panel works at point B state, the solar panel working voltage much higher than battery voltage. Charge Voltage: UB=18.4
Charge Current: IB=9.3A
Charge Power: PB=18.4*9.3=171.1W
2.2.7 COMPARISON:
The power B is more than power A.
△P/ PA =（PB— PA）/ PA＝32.3%
As a result of different manufacture of solar panels, different solar illumination intensity, different temperature, different efficiency of solar charge controller and so on. The effective power increase rate is 10-30%.[4]
2.3 SOLAR HYBRID INVERTER SYSTEM
2.3.1 FEATURES OF SOLAR HYBRID INVERTER SYSTEM:
Pure sine wave inverter for home and office use with built in AC charger, solar power charger and LCD display and remote control (optional)[4]
- Advanced microprocessor based design
- Multistage charger
- Separate port for solar power input with built in solar power charger
- Compact design with built in AVR
- Fast action AC synchronized transfer switch
- Heat sink built in internal
- Soft start
- Input & output isolated
- Auto temperature control fan
- Reverse polarity protection
- Temperature protection
- Over load protection
- Input high/low voltage protection
- Low battery alarm/low battery shut-down
2.3.2 SOLAR POWER INVERTER
The solar inverter is a critical component in a solar energy system. It performs the conversion of the variable DC output of the Photovoltaic (PV) module(s) into a clean sinusoidal 50- or 60 Hz AC current that is then applied directly to the commercial electrical grid or to a local, off-grid electrical network. Typically, communications capability is included so users can monitor the inverter and No index entries found. report on power and operating conditions, provide firmware updates and control the inverter grid connection. Depending on the grid infrastructure wired (RS-485, CAN, Power Line Communication, and Ethernet) or wireless (Bluetooth, ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4, 6loWPAN) networking options can be used.
At the heart of the inverter is a real-time microcontroller. The controller executes the very precise algorithms required to invert the DC voltage generated by the solar module into AC. This controller is programmed to perform the control loops necessary for all the power management functions necessary including DC/DC and DC/AC. The controller also maximizes the power output from the PV through complex algorithms called maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The PV maximum output power is dependent on the operating conditions and varies from moment to moment due to temperature, shading, soil age, cloud cover, and time of day so tracking and adjusting for this maximum power point is a continuous process. For systems with battery energy storage, the controller can control the charging as well as switch over to battery power once the sun sets or cloud cover reduces the PV output power. The controller contains advanced peripherals like high precision PWM outputs and ADCs for implementing control loops. The ADC measures variables, such as the PV output voltage and current, and then adjusts the DC/DC or DC/AC converter by changing the PWM duty cycle.
The C2000 in particular is designed to read the ADC and adjust the PWM within a single clock cycle, so real time control is possible.2.4 BATTERY BANK
Tubular batteries are used in our project since it has highly performance when coupled to solar hybrid system
2.4.1 TUBULAR PLATE
The design is more complex and the manufacturing process is more involved than for flat pasted plates. The manufacturing process starts with the production of the grid which is usually a series of fifteen parallel lead rods or spines cast on to a bar. This is usually fabricated from 6-10% antimonial lead alloy. Following the casting process, a series of parallel porous glass fiber tubes are fitted over the grid spines, these tubes are then filled with a mixture of lead oxide and red lead powder by vibration. Once the tubes are filled, they are sealed by knocking a plastic fitting onto the ends of the lead grid spines. The resulting assembly is then “pickled” by soaking in dilute sulfuric acid to convert the lead oxides to lead sulfate. The finished product comprises a series of tubes filled with lead sulfate with a center core of lead to carry the current. Compared to the processes used to make flat pasted plates, this has considerably more steps and is more difficult to control.
Batteries made from tubular plates have the following characteristics:
1. Good electrical performance
2. Adequate life
3. Low reserve of lead
4. Low reserve of active material
5. Sensitive to active material shedding which
shortens cell life
6. Sensitive to top bar breakage with significant loss
of plate area
7. Sensitive to spines being off center of the tube with significant loss
of plate capacity battery performance characteristics
When a battery is purchased for a forklift truck, the customer expects that it will provide sufficient energy to drive the truck for the necessary time, give a long life and be sufficiently heavy to provide satisfactory counter-balance to the equipment. All industrial truck batteries meet the above criteria but the flat plate type combines the best all around performance characteristics.
Usually the manufacturers of tubular industrial truck batteries stress as one of the benefits of their design that it is more efficient because it uses less lead than the flat plate design. This statement is true, but it is important to recognize that it is irrelevant. Lead is the substance that makes the battery work, gives it its durability and is what the customer pays for. Less lead means less of the material that makes the battery work. Some manufacturers of “tubular” batteries fabricate their plates from round tubes while others employ tubes with a square profile. This improvement in efficiency is only obtained from the round tube design and is hardly noticeable with the square tube design of the tubular battery. Another important point to consider is that all industrial truck batteries are manufactured to meet specific capacity (ampere hour) requirements. For example, a 500 ampere hour battery will deliver this amount of electricity regardless of whether it is a tubular flat plate design. Any advantage in efficiency benefits the manufacturer more than the user since less lead is used thereby reducing the manufacturing cost. This reduced use of lead and active material in the tubular design means that there is less grid metal to withstand the corrosive acid
environment of the battery and less active material to withstand repeated discharging and charging. The flat pasted plate design, on the other hand, contains a reserve of both lead grid metal and active material to prevent premature failure.
2.4.2 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE RELIABILITY AND LIFE
All batteries gradually wear out with use. This is caused by the wear and tear of repeated cycling of the active material and by corrosion of the lead grids or spines. Flat pasted plate batteries and tubular batteries have different operational characteristics and different wear-out mechanisms. These will be discussed in some detail so that these differences can be understood.
2.4.3 ACTIVE MATERIAL DENSITY
The density of the active material in the battery plates has a major influence on both the capacity and the life of the battery. It is important that the correct density is chosen and also that the density is constant over the entire plate. Too high an active material density causes low capacity while too low a figure causes early failure. Additionally, if the density is variable,
this causes uneven discharge and charge in the plates which can also result in the battery wearing out prematurely. In the flat plate design the density of the active material is controlled by the paste density which is automatically made in the paste mixing machines to a controlled value. The density
of active material in the plate is also extremely uniform since it is applied automatically by pasting machines. On the other hand, the tubes of a tubular plate are filled by a method which involves the vibration of the plate at high frequency while a mixture of red lead and lead oxide powder is fed to the tubes. The purpose of the vibration is to prevent the oxide powder mixture from clogging and to assist its flow into the tubes. As the plate is filled, the oxide at the bottom tends to be tamped down by the action of the vibration and by the weight of the oxide at the top. Consequently, the oxide is more dense at the lug end of the plate. This variation in density results in uneven discharge and charge of the active material which can cause premature failure. In extreme cases, which will be referred to later, the extremely dense material at the top of the plate can burst the retaining tube which results in severe shedding with a consequent capacity loss.
2.4.4 THE RETENTION SYSTEM
The retention system is the combination of materials that the manufacturer uses to prevent the active material in the positive plate of the battery from softening and shedding. An effective retention system is essential to achieve a long useful battery life. The retention system in a flat pasted plate cell is usually composed of 3 layers of materials, each with its own specific purpose. The inner layer, against the plate, is composed of a mat of parallel glass filaments oriented parallel to the length of the plate. This supports the active material, filters out any particles of active material that may have become detached from the plate, provides channels for gas bubbles to escape and to allow acid circulation and acts as a reservoir of sulfuric acid electrolyte. The next layer is a binding mat or randomly oriented glass fibers which holds the glass filaments in place and the third layer is a second mat. This system virtually eliminates two of the main reasons for early failure: paste softening and paste shedding. Contrast the retention system used in the tubular plate design which is usually a single tube of woven, non-woven or braided glass fabric. This system does not provide as efficient retention of the active material as the threefold wrap system because of uneven porosity of the tube structure. Consequently, as much greater degree of shedding of active material takes place with the
tubular construction. This increased amount of shedding can lead to other problems that may result in early battery failure. For example, the finely divided active material that is shed from the plate can become stirred up in the electrolyte by the gasses generated when the battery is charged. This suspended material, usually lead dioxide, gives the acid a black color and can settle on the negative plates where it is electrochemically reduced to a spongy lead mossy deposit. This mossy deposit can eventually cause a short circuit between a number of positive and negative plates which leads to premature battery failure. Another characteristic of tubular type battery plates is the occurrence of split tubes. The usual cause of this problem
is overfilling of the tubes resulting in a very dense active material. Another cause can be uneven filling that results in density gradients in the active material. When the battery is discharged and charged, as in normal operation, spine corrodes occupying a greater volume, the active material swells and exerts a very high pressure on the tubes. This can cause the tubes to split resulting in catastrophic shedding of the active material. In an
extreme case, all the active material can lost from the tube resulting in a loss of capacity of upto 6. 7% for each split tube.
2.4.5 GRID AND SPINE CORROSION
One of the major differences in the design of flat plate and tubular industrial truck battery cells is that in the flat plate design, a grid of lead alloy is used to hold the active material in place and conduct the electricity whereas in the tubular design, a series of lead spines encased in glass fabric serves the same purpose. The grid of a flat pasted plate is composed of a crisscross network of lead alloy with spaces that are filled with active material during the pasting process. The areas of pellets of active material are completely surrounded by lead alloy resulting in excellent material retention and conductivity. This network of conductive metal ensures that all parts of the plate are electrically connected for good current distribution and also provides a reserve of lead to with stand the corrosive action of the acid electrolyte. As the battery ages, the sulfuric acid gradually corrodes the lead. This reserve of metal is essential to give the battery along, reliable life. If anyone metallic member, or several for that matter, corrode through there is still sufficient lead remaining for the battery to still function well. In contrast, the spines of a tubular plate contain no reserve of lead metal. If one spine corrodes through, the electrical connection is broken and a serious loss of capacity results. Since there are normally 15 spines in a plate, the corrosion of one spine can result in a loss in capacity of up to 6%. As the battery ages, corrosion of several spines can occur resulting in a serious loss of performance.[1]
BASIC CIVIL WORK
2.5.1 MOUNTING ANGLE TOP VIEW
Fig 7: Mounting angle top view
2.5.2 SIDE VIEW
Fig 8: Mounting angle side view
The panels are to be placed outdoor, hence a proper fixing of panel to the base should be done to withstand high wind flow and other adverse environment conditions. The panels are fixed on to the mount and are bolted to civil structure made of concrete.
Solar isolation at Coimbatore (11000’ N Latitude 77000’6 Longitude). Average 5.08 KWh/Sq.m is the average power production. Therefore 12.300 inclinations should be given, and should be facing south ward for getting maximum power output throughout the year.[6]
PROJECT RESIDENT ELECTRICAL LOAD DETAIL
2.7SYSTEM SPECIFICATION
SOLAR PANEL
Maximum power voltage : 17.4 V
Maximum power current : 4.31 A
Open circuit voltage : 21.2 V
Short circuit Current : 5.05 A
Nominal operating cell temperature : 45 + 20 C
Maximum system voltage : 1000 V DC
Maximum bypass Diode : 10 A
Maximum series fuse : 9A
Weight : 7.5 kg
INVERTER
Type : Solar Hybrid Inverter
Kva rating : 1.2 Kva
Output power : 800W
Output current : 3.42Amps
Output voltage : 233V
Power factor : 0.7
Input voltage : 230V
Input current : 3.7Amps
BATTERY
Type : Tubular
Ampere-Hour :100 AH
Voltage : 12 V
Charging current : 10 Amps
CABLE WIRE KIT
Gauge : 6 Sq.mm
Maximum load current : 18 Amps
2.8 PANEL SIZING
Number of batteries used = 1nos. (12V, 100 AH)
Therefore charging current required =10 amps[1]
Battery voltage =12 V.
Power required to charge battery =12*10(P=V*I)
=120 watts
[2]Efficiency of the inverter is about 78%
Therefore rated input that should
be given to the inverter input =(120*78)/0.78
=93.6 watts
There for 93.6 watts should be delivered from the solar panel to charge the battery
No of solar panels used =3
Total wattage of panel =225
The efficiency of the panel is 80% when considering the worst-case.
Therefore output from about panel = (225*80)/100
=180
Excess power is delivered to the load
[1]Charging current required will be 10% of the Ampere hour of the battery
[2] Efficiency of 1kva Solar hybrid inverter is about 78%
COST ESTIMATION
Total load considering for the project=748w
SL No. | Description | Total Amount (including VAT) |
A | 225Wp Crystalline solar Photovoltaic Panel along with mounting angle | 35,412/- |
B | 1.2kva Solar SW inverter with built in charge controller along with 100AH Southern Tubular batteries-1 Junction Box. Cable &Accessories | 48,752/- |
c | Extras | 4,964/- |
Total A+B+C | 89,128/- |
MNRE introduces capital subsidy scheme for solar project
To promote off-grid applications of solar energy, both photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India, has introduced a subsidy linked credit scheme that offers financial incentives in the form of capital and interest subsidy on loans. These can be availed from financial institutions by the target clientele.
With over 300 clear sunny days available annually in India, there is a huge potential to tap, store and retrieve solar power, which could amount to much more than the current power requirements. However, the actual exploitation of solar power is insignificant when compared to other energy resources. Also, solar powered systems and devices have remained underutilised mainly due to high unit costs.
Therefore, the government is taking several initiatives to address this challenge, and provide a framework for expanding solar energy markets by bringing down the costs. One such initiative is the Capital Subsidy-cum-Refinance Scheme, which provides for routing the capital subsidy and the interest subsidy on bank loans availed by the eligible borrowers through the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD). This scheme is being introduced to enable commercial as well as government banks to draw refinanced funds from NABARD and avail financial resources including subsidies, on behalf of their borrowers.
3.2 SCOPE OF THE SCHEME
The currency of the scheme will be co-terminus with phase I (initially up to March 2013) of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, and will cover projects specifically approved by the MNRE’s project approval committee (PAC).
CAPITAL SUBSIDY
The quantum of capital subsidy and refinance would be made available as per the specifications of MNRE/ IREDA, from time to time. Currently, the capital subsidy would be to the extent of 30 per cent of the benchmark cost. For 2010-11, the benchmark price for PV systems with battery backup is considered as 300 per watt peak (Wp). For systems which do not use storage batteries such as water pumping systems, the installed PV system cost would be considered subject to a cap of 210 per Wp.
LOAN PERIOD AND RATE OF INTEREST
Borrowers are required to bring in 20 per cent of the cost of the project as the margin money to access credit facilities from banks, to acquire the assets. Loans would cover the balance after factoring in the eligible capital subsidy, and would be extended with a repayment period not exceeding five years. They would carry an interest rate of 5 per cent per annum. No interest will, however, be charged by the financing banks on the capital subsidy component.
Commenting on the scheme, Chintan Valia, executive, marketing, Waaree Energies Pvt Ltd, says, “Through this schemes, the government is doing its best to promote the use of solar energy in a commercial way. I hope this scheme will not just remain on paper. If it is implemented properly, a lot of people can reap its benefit, and at the same time create awareness about an alternative energy source to the people who are not aware about it. The government should ensure that the benefits of this scheme reach the right people.[2]
Return on investment
= (investment-subsidies)/savings
= (90000-(225*81))/(3.5*300*3.5)
= 19.53 years.
Where
Total cost of project : 90000/-
Total wattage of panel : 225 watts
Subsidies per watt : 81/-
Cost per unit : 3.5/-
No of day in a year in which power can be
fully tracked :300 days.
No of units produced per day : 3.5 units
OUTPUT ANALYSIS
4.1. ENERGY OUTPUT FROM THE SOLAR PANEL
FOR DAY 1
SL No. | TIME (Hour) | VOLTAGE (Voltage) | CURRENT (Amps) | POWER (Watt) |
1. | 9:00 AM | 16.89 | 9.53 | 161 |
2. | 10:00AM | 16.11 | 10.80 | 174 |
3. | 11:00AM | 16.86 | 10.91 | 184 |
4. | 12:00AM | 17.09 | 10.94 | 187 |
5. | 1:00PM | 17.02 | 10.69 | 182 |
6. | 2:00PM | 15.78 | 10.58 | 167 |
7. | 3:00PM | 17.16 | 9.32 | 160 |
8. | 4:00PM | 16.33 | 9.00 | 147 |
9. | 5:00PM | 15.60 | 7.56 | 118 |
4.2. ENERGY OUTPUT FROM THE SOLAR PANEL
FOR DAY 2
SL No. | TIME (Hour) | VOLTAGE (Voltage) | CURRENT (Amps) | POWER (Watt) |
1. | 9:00 AM | 17.07 | 9.78 | 167 |
2. | 10:00 AM | 16.93 | 10.45 | 177 |
3. | 11:00AM | 17.26 | 10.89 | 188 |
4. | 12:00AM | 15.00 | 12.60 | 189 |
5. | 1:00PM | 14.81 | 12.69 | 188 |
6. | 2:00PM | 13.39 | 12.32 | 165 |
7. | 3:00PM | 12.86 | 12.44 | 163 |
8. | 4:00PM | 13.08 | 11.23 | 157 |
9. | 5:00PM | 15.60 | 7.56 | 108 |
4.3.ENERGY OUTPUT FROM THE SOLAR PANEL
FOR DAY 3
SL No. | TIME (Hour) | VOLTAGE (Voltage) | CURRENT (Amps) | POWER (Watt) |
1. | 9:00 AM | 17.08 | 10.13 | 173 |
2. | 10:00 AM | 16.56 | 10.56 | 175 |
3. | 11:00AM | 17.19 | 10.47 | 180 |
4. | 12:00AM | 14.68 | 12.60 | 185 |
5. | 1:00PM | 14.85 | 12.59 | 187 |
6. | 2:00PM | 14.36 | 12.32 | 177 |
7. | 3:00PM | 15.94 | 10.22 | 163 |
8. | 4:00PM | 17.11 | 9 | 154 |
9. | 5:00PM | 16.23 | 8.56 | 139 |
Average power output from solar panel: 170.33 watts
After analyzing the readings taken for three day we have found out that the average output from the panel is 170 watts
Chapter 5
5. SWOT ANALYSIS
S-STRENGTH
1. Elimination or reduce the amount of electricity purchased from utility.
2. Cost economy.
3. Pollution free.
4. Less running cost.
5. Satisfies the energy deficiency.
O-OPPURTUNITY
1. Power scarcity.
2. Privatization.
3. Tax depreciation.
4. Beyond own use, households can feed the grid.
5. Subsidy from government up to 30%.
W-WEAKNESS
1. Initial cost.
2. Restricted with type of load.
3. Restricted with time.
4. Battery backup.
T-THREADS
1. Other technologies.
2. Dust can reduce the output.
APPLICATIONS:
Solar Hybrid Power plants are more suitable for Indian Power conditions. Widely used and considered Small and Medium scale Enterprises and Small Office Home Office segments. This technology is ideally beneficial for rural branch operation and automation in order to reduce the non productive time and improve the stability, reliability and quality of the Power.[3]
ADVANTAGE
1. The MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) Solar charge controller tracks the power curve of the panel to ensure that the maximum solar power is delivered at the output side. If the voltages are both too high
2. The generated solar power is fed into batteries for storing the energy. Once the battery charging is over solar power is extending its support to connected load.
3. When there is no Sun light / solar power, the total load draws power from the Mains / grid.
4. When there is no Sun light and no Mains, the battery will extend its support to load.
5. The priority of choice between available powers can be customized. But always the first preference will be given to solar power.
6. All our solar hybrid UPS systems are GENSET compatible.
LIMITATION:
POWER PRODUCTION VS TIME CURVE
Fig 10:Power production curve
1.The main limitation of photovoltaic method of energy conservation is that ,only a period of 4-5 hours we gets maximum power production in a day and also it may varies with climatic conditions.
2. With respect to solar hybrid power plant, we are limited by type of load. We can use the system for lighting and IT application. Due to its constant current characteristics, it may not be competitive and attractive to connect Air conditioner, Heaters and other initial inrush current requiring devices in solar hybrid power plants.
3. Battery backup is only for 4 to 5hours, and is restricted with load.
DUST CAN REDUCE ENERGY OUTPUT
Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels are today the talk of the town. The cost of solar power is a concern but it is still as much as 20 to 25 per cent less than that from diesel generators. Additional bonus for going solar is elimination of noise and air pollution. More and more people are becoming pro-solar, especially because the line power quality continues to be poor with long blackouts and voltage swings. In addition, PV solar prices are dropping in India as competition builds up and China is offering good quality at very competitive prices.
However, there is one problem— PV solar companies rarely warn buyers about the deadly impact of dust and dirt on the PV panel output. As a consequence, few people have realized its gravity. Within just a week, there is a sharp drop in power output of solar panels due to ever present dust and dirt in our cities and towns.
Solar panels glisten in the sun after being installed. But after a little while, these panels become progressively coated with dirt like dust and bird droppings. Flocks of birds leave behind a mess after spending the night overhead while dust, grime and mould add to the layers of dirt, coloring the solar panels a splotchy brown. Suppliers of solar systems, however, often assume that their work is over after the panels are installed and payment made.[8]
Dirt is a major problem with solar panels, and letting it accumulate over a few weeks will reduce a solar panel’s efficacy by almost 30 per cent even in dust free Europe. It is, therefore, essential to maintain them with regular cleaning, at least every other day. Fortunately, this is the only maintenance that solar panels need. When you install a solar power plant, the ease of regularly cleaning the PV panels has to be kept in mind.
There are automatic cleaning systems like SolarWash and others available abroad but manual cleaning is far more inexpensive option in India. Cleaning thrice a week and washing once a month is essential in most of the Indian locations. If one does not clean regularly, the dirt actually gets bonded to the surface. Just imagine what happens to your car windshield if it’s not cleaned daily. PV panels are in open like the car. Remember if you don’t keep them very clean, don’t expect to get the rated power output specified by the supplier and also the promised return on your investment.
The best example of rather thoughtless application of solar power is pole mounted solar streetlights. Most of these are bought by public bodies with public money. Like any other public utility, municipality, gram panchayat or city corporation, that installs these never bothers to maintain them. Such projects basically start and end with spending the public money and lining the pockets both by the buyer and the seller. Maintenance and supervision are never given a thought.
A study conducted by two citizen groups shows that 70 per cent of these streetlights are not doing their job within three months of installation. Lights die out within an hour or two. Pole mounted panels are inaccessible without ladders, so no one bothers to clean or ever check them.
Chapter 6.
CONCLUSION
The implementation of solar photovoltaic panel was done successfully within the given time limit. After analyzing the readings taken for three days we have found out that the average output from the panel is 170 watts.
A change over mechanism was provided to make use of existing Inverter and batteries so as to eliminate the chance of power failure even during dark days.
FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
The implementation Solar tilting mechanism will further increases power output from the solar panel. At present we have installed the solar panels of 225 watt for a load of 748 watts which restricts solar panel output only to charge the battery mainly and a very less amount of power is utilized for running the load. Hence further extension of panel is necessary. By adding the number of panels we would be able to feed the grid which is already practiced in Germany solar production society